Experiment no 1
Visual illusion
Problem statement
To experimentally investigate the phenomenon of visual illusion with the help of Muller-lyer illusion.
Introduction
Perception is the process of sorting out interpretation and analysis of stimuli from our sense organ.
Illusion
An illusion is a fake perception. When sensory input may remain the same and the perception varies. This is due to illusion.
Visual illusion
Visual illusion is due to misinterpretation of the eye. A physical stimulus that constantly produces an error in visual field or optical illusion.
Many illusion depends on cues that give misleading information about distance or depth. E.g. we perceive a rope as a snake in a dim light or a distant sound of the desert are perceived as water due to the misleading perception of stimuli.
Causes of illusion
The causes of illusion can be internal or external. Some causes are as follow:
· Illusion can be due to defects of the sense organ.
· A person who is hard in hearing can’t recognize whispering.
· Colour blind person can’t differentiate colors.
· In case of cold, we can’t spell properly.
Limitation of sense organ
Our sense organ has some limitations, therefore, natural powers are limited.
· They sometimes don’t provide us true information give rise to the illusion. E.g eye is limited in the perception of the object which is too small.
· Similarly ear can’t hear properly the sound too low or high.
· Due to the temporary state of mind our perception is affected by our state of mind, interest, expectation and mental state also influence our perception. E.g if we are not in a good mood our perception at that moment is negative.
Odd arrangement of stimuli
Sometimes illusion maybe due to odd combination of lines. E.g in muller-lyer illusion two equal lines look unequal due to fact that one line is arrow headed and other is feather headed.
Muller-lyer illusion card
An illusion in which two lines of the same length appear to be of different length because of direction of the arrows at the end of each line. The line with the arrow pointing out appears shorter than the line with arrows pointing in. Visual explanation for muller-lyer illusion subject that eye moment is greater when arrows tip pointing out word. Thats why we percieve the line longer.
Hypothesis
Feather headed line is over estimated and arrow headed line is under estimated.
Apparatus
Muller-lyer illusion card, paper, pencil.
Muller-lyer illusion through method of average error
In the muller-lyer illusion method of average error is used. The most outstanding characteristics of this method is the active role which the subject plays in the procedure. Subject is presented with a fixed standard & variable comparison stimulus. The subject has the task of adjusting the variable stimulus until it’s appear equal to the standard line. Thus there may be a line of fixed length & one of the adjustable length which the subjects manipulates until subject is satisfied that the two lines are equal. The subject may adjust a shade of Grey until it’s appear to match a standard. Each adjustment which the subject makes represent a measure of point of subject equality.
For example if a standard line 200mm long & a subject adjust variable comparison line once at 202mm. each of these adjustment provide us with an estimate of PSE. A reliable estimate of PSE must be based on the numbers of measurement & estimate of PSE should be average of many adjustment made by the subjects. Frequently average adjustment maybe greater than the standard & some may be smaller however these positive & negative deviations cancel each other that’s why the name of the method is an average error.
Precautions
In collecting data by method of average several important precautions must be observed.
1. Direction of adjustment should be varied. On some trials the variable stimulus should be set at a value considerably larger than the standard & on the other trials. It should be made considerably smaller. In this way subject has to begin his adjustment towards equality on successive trials from both above & below the standard.
2. Care should be taken exercised to prevent a subject from using consciously or unconsciously extraneous use. For example if the initial value of variable comparison, stimulus where a subject must learn a specific movement by which to adjust it to the point of equality.
Experiment no 2
Transfer of training
Problem statement
To demonstrate transfer of training. To observe that training of one organ effect the other with the help of mirror image.
Introduction
Transfer of training is a kind of of learning of one thing effect the learning of other. It is also defined as the effect of past learning on new learning.
Types of transfer of training
Positive transfer of training
When training of an experience facilitates the the equasition of new skills. It is considered as positive transfer of training. E.g once driving of a car is learned it becomes easier to drive any other vehicle.
Negative transfer of training
If past experience hinders or shows down acquasition of new skills. It is called negative transfer of training. E.g. football player can face difficulties in playing basketball.
Zero transfer of training
It means performance in new situation is neither added nor hinders by pas experiences,. E.g learning music and playing football have zero transfer of training.
Bi-lateral tranfer of training
It is defined as when one part of body learn some activity then other part of body learn the activity sooner or later. This is between symetrical part of body. i.e from eye to eye, from hand to hand and from foot to foot. Recent studies have provided very interesting information, concerning neurological basis of bilateral transfer.
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